Effects of rake angle of chisel plough on soil cutting factors and power requirements: A computer simulation

A computer simulation was conducted to predict the effects of rake angle of a chisel plough and soil bulk density on angle of soil failure plane, rupture distance, width of side crescent, frictional, overburden, cohesion and adhesion soil cutting factors, draft forces and drawbar power requirements. The experimental work was carried out in two locations. Soil of the first location was sandy clay with the soil bulk densities of 1.75 and 1.70 g/cm³ for firm and loose soil conditions, respectively, with an angle of internal friction of 30° and a surface friction angle of 20°, cohesion of 2.5 kN/m² and adhesion of 1.2 kN/m². Soil of the second location was clay loam with the soil bulk densities of 1.65 and 1.50 g/cm³ for firm and loose soil conditions, respectively, with an angle of internal friction of 34° and a surface friction angle of 23°, cohesion of 2.4 kN/m² and adhesion of 1.14 kN/m². The prediction showed that the angle of failure plane found to decrease with the rake angle. The rupture distance decreased with the rake angle from 15° to 55° and then increased as the rake angle increased over 55°. The width of the side crescent increased as the rake angle increased and the maximum value and the minimum value were recorded at 75° and at 15°. Values of frictional and overburden factors decreased as rake angle increased. The maximum and minimum values were recorded at 15° and 75°, respectively. The values of cohesion factor increased as rake angle increased. The maximum value was recorded at rake angle of 75° and the minimum value was recorded at rake angle of 15°. Adhesion factor was found to change inversely with the rake angle from 15° to 55° and then to change directly with the rake angle over 55°. The draft force decreased with the rake angle and reached its minimum value at 45° rake angle. Over 45°, the draft force increased and reached its maximum value at 75° rake angle. The draft increased with soil bulk density. The power required for moving the plough recorded the maximum value at rake angle of 15°, while the minimum value was recorded at 55° rake angle. The values of power increased with decrease of soil bulk density. The predicted values demonstrated some deviations from the experimental values of the draft force and the drawbar power.     

Technical solutions to reduce the risk of subsoil compaction: effects of dual wheels, tandem wheels and tyre inflation pressure on stress propagation in soil

The use of heavy machinery is increasing in agriculture, which induces increased risks of subsoil compaction. Hence, there is a need for technical solutions that reduce the compaction risk at high total machine loads. Three field experiments were performed in order to study the effects of dual wheels, tandem wheels and tyre inflation pressure on stress propagation in soil. Vertical soil stress was measured at three different depths by installing probes into the soil horizontally from a dug pit. In one experiment, also the stress distribution below the tyre was measured. Beneath the dual wheels, vertical stresses at 0.15 and 0.3 m depth were lower between the two wheels than under the centre of each wheel, despite the gap between the wheels being small (0.1 m). At 0.5 m depth, vertical stress beneath the wheels was the same as between the two wheels. The stress interaction from the two wheels was weak, even in the subsoil. Accordingly, measured stresses at 0.3, 0.5 and 0.7 m depth were highest under the centre of each axle centre line of tandem wheels, and much lower between the axles. For a wheel load of 86 kN, tyre inflation pressure significantly affected stress at 0.3 m depth, but not at greater depths. Stress directly below the tyre, measured at 0.1 m depth, was unevenly distributed, both in driving direction and perpendicular to driving direction, and maximum stress was considerably higher than tyre inflation pressure. Calculations of vertical stress based on Boussinesq's equation for elastic materials agreed well with measurements. A parabolic or linear contact stress distribution (stress declines from the centre to the edge of the contact area) was a better approximation of the contact stress than a uniform stress distribution. The results demonstrate that stress in the soil at different depths is a function of the stress on the surface and the contact area, which in turn are functions of wheel load, wheel arrangement, tyre inflation pressure, contact stress distribution and soil conditions. Soil stress and soil compaction are a function of neither axle load nor total vehicle load. This is of great importance for practical purposes. Reducing wheel load, e.g. by using dual or tandem wheels, also allows tyre inflation pressure to be reduced. This reduces the risk of subsoil compaction.     

Effect of soil drying on mucilage exudation and its water repellency: a new method to collect mucilage

Despite the importance of mucilage for soil–plant relations, little is known about the effect of soil drying on mucilage exudation. We introduce a method to collect mucilage from maize growing in wet and dry soils. Mucilage was collected from brace roots. The amount of mucilage exuded did not change with soil water content and transpiration rate. Mucilage exuded in dry soils had a higher degree of hydrophobicity, suggesting that the wetting properties of mucilage change in response to soil drying.     

除草用四足机器人稳定性的判定与分析

针对除草用四足机器人在不规则农田地面行走稳定性难以评定的问题,在力–角稳定性度量法的基础上,提出了三棱锥法,根据对其角点倾翻角和轴线倾翻角的推导,得到用最小稳定角作稳定性的评判标准。引入倾翻性能系数综合评价四足机器人的静态和动态稳定性,并通过数值模拟,讨论在不规则农田里的地面倾角、外载荷及外力矩对机器人稳定性的影响。使用由舵机驱动的8自由度,尺寸为170 mm×130 mm×140 mm的机器人物理样机在0°~45°的不规则玉米地上进行试验,测量最小稳定角。结果表明:合外力与地面倾角对机器人稳定性影响显著,地面倾角对其影响接近线性单调,试验所测最小稳定角度值与预测结果相比,平均相对误差为9.46%,相关系数为0.979 6。     

给定行程速度变化系数的四杆机构设计

在一些教科书中,对于给定行程速度变化系数的四杆机构设计,结论上存在一些错误和缺陷。利用几何方法,对曲柄中心所在位置的各种可能性进行了分析,给出了较为完整的结论。     

配筋混凝土砌块砌体剪力墙位移延性设计方法

提出了配筋混凝土砌块砌体剪力墙基于位移延性的设计方法．通过对两片不同长度的矩形配筋混凝土砌块砌体剪力墙墙肢的计算分析，研究了轴压比、高宽比、配筋率和灌孔率对墙体受力性能的影响，结果表明上述几种因素对配筋混凝土砌块砌体剪力墙结构的延性性能起着重要的作用．提出了配筋混凝土砌块砌体剪力墙结构位移延性比的计算方法和配筋混凝土砌块砌体剪力墙弹塑性层间位移角限值1／300的建议，供设计时参考．     

降低旋耕机能耗的措施性研究

分析了引起旋耕机高能耗的主要因素，并通过运动学参数及刀片结构参数的匹配设计提出了降低旋耕机能耗的具体措施。     

Study on Surface Wettability of Bamboo by Measurement of Contact Angle

The main objective of this research is to evaluate the wettability of the processed bamboo surfaces. The important surface energy and acid-base properties for processed bamboo have been estimated by using contact angle techniques. According to the results, the change of ages has a positive relation with the contact angles of water on processed bamboo. The contact angles were increased after the bamboo surface treated in high temperature condition and preservation. The different treat methods have a strong influence on acid-base energy component insurface of bamboo. Compared with pinewood, the surface of bamboo seems to be stronger in the acid-base energycontribution.     

M12B型冲压机连杆机构设计优化

本文对M12B型冲压机的机构尺寸进行了优化.在满足冲压机工作要求的情况下,使其四杆机构的最小传动角大于45°并保证其机构运转良好及效率高.     

液压压力机手脚联控机构的多目标优化设计

对Ｙ４１－３型液压压力机手脚联控机构的新设计方案进行多目标优化设计．在建立多目标优化数学模型的基础上，应用拉格朗日（Ｌａｎｇｒａｎｇｅ）中值定理，变化线性加权和法方程中的权系数，以此来搜寻多目标优化的有效解样本，通过模糊综合决策，最后确定出一组最满意的有效解．该参数方案已被运用于新一代的机型中．